來源:網絡資源 2023-07-08 20:21:39
一、定語從句的概念
在復合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞,定語從句一般放在先行詞后。
二、定語從句的關系詞
引導定語從句的關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞,常見的關系代詞包括that, which, who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關系副詞包括where, when, why等。關系代詞和關系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用,同時又作定語從句的重要成分。
三、定語從句的分類
根據定語從句與先行詞的關系,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號分開,從句不可省去。非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號分開,起補充說明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
1. that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語或賓語,作主語時不可省略,作賓語可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。(that作主語)The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍色的。(that作賓語)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主語或賓語,作主語不可省略,作賓語可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語)The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語)
3.who, whom用于指人,who用作主語,whom用作賓語。在口語中,有時可用who代替whom,也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經常在英語方面幫助我的那個女孩是英國人。(作主語)Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?正在與李明談話的老師是誰?(作賓語)
注意:
(1)當定語從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時,who, that, which可省略,但介詞在關系代詞前時,只能用“介詞 +which/whom”結構。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.這是我們去年居住的房子。Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.請告訴我你從誰那借的這本英文小說。
含有介詞的
(2)This is the person whom you are looking for.這就是你要找的那個人。
(3)that作介詞的賓語時,介詞不能放它的前面,只能放在從句中動詞的后面。例如:
The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常遠。
(4)
a.先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級所修飾,或本身是序數詞、基數詞、形容詞最高級時,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一個通過考試的人。
b.被修飾的先行詞為all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎?
c.先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few等詞修飾時,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車。
d.先行詞里同時含有人或物時,只能用that,而不用which.
例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚記得我在那個房間所見到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引導的特殊疑問句,為避免重復,只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying?正在哭泣的那個女孩是誰?
f.主句是there be結構,修飾主語的定語從句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本書是湯姆的。
h.有兩個定語從句時,其中一個宜用which,另外一個宜用that。如:
They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.
I .當先行詞在主句中作表語。而關系代詞在從句中也作表語時,如:
Shanghai is no longer the city that is used to be.
(5)
a.先行詞為that, those時,用which,而不用that.例如:
What’s that which is under the desk?在桌子底下的那些東西是什么?
b.關系代詞前有介詞時,一般用which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives.這是他居住的房間。
c.引導非限制性定語從句,用which,而不用that.例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy.湯姆回來了,這使我們很高興。
d.先行詞后面有插入語時,只用which不用that。
Here is the English grammar book which, as I’ve told you, will help you improve your English.
(6)as引導限制性定語從句常用下列句式;
a. such+名詞+as.. b. such(pron)+as c.the same +名詞+as
五、關系副詞的用法
(一)當關系代詞在定語從句中
Can you tell me the office where he works?(where=in which)
Do you know the reason why he is absent?(why=for which)
(二)where/when=介詞+關系代詞which,有時為表達清楚,還可以在關系副詞where/when前加介詞from/to等,如:
(三)關系副詞when,where可用于非限制性定語從句中,而關系副詞why不可以。
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